Peihong karl proj 3 #70
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fixing a problem with showing pictures
revising Q4 and Q5
* Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md fix typo * Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md I'm unsure to how to infer a conclusion about D(a, e) and D(a, g) * Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md fix typo
title fixing
* Update README.md (johnbeve#53) * Update README.md * Update README.md --------- Co-authored-by: John Beverley <[email protected]>
* Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md * empty * Revert "empty" This reverts commit f671cbe. * Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md * Q10 done * Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md * fix pic * fix error * Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md Q10 is done now! * Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md * Update Peihong_Xie_Project_2_50375781.md
…-696 into Peihong_Karl_proj_3
Add picture in Q6
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| (a) Object properties **"simultaneous with", "has part", "part of", "overlaps" and so on** should be reflexive, though it is not listed as so. For example, an event can be simultaneous with itself; also, an entity has_part, part_of, or overlaps itself because it is equivalent to itself. | ||
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| (b) The object property **"determined by"** should be transitive, though it is not listed as so. That is, if A is determined by B, and B is determined by C, then A should be determined by C. For example, a small-size ecological cycle is determined by a biological host, say, a human being, that is, as a system at another level of granularity, is determined by his brain. In this case, we can say that the ecological cycle is determined by the human being's brain because its proper functioning leads the human to make efforts in maintaining that cycle. |
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The definition of "determined by" is s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s.
I don't think it's necessarily the case that for any x,y,z such that x determined by y and y determined by z, then x determined by z, because the "strong causal influence" isn't obviously transitive. A coral reef in a coral ecosystem, that coral ecosystem in the ecosystem of its containing waterbody, doesn't entail the coral reef plays a strong causal influence on the larger waterbody.
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| (a) Although **"has substance added"** is listed as irreflexive, but it should not be so. That is, in some cases, a physical entity can have itself as substance added to it. For example, a portion of water can be added to itself at some time. Similarly, **"has substance removed"** should not be irreflexive, either because we can always remove the same amount of water from itself. | ||
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| (b) Although **"aligned with"** is listed as transitive, but it should not be so. Suppose that we have three different quadrilateral objects A, B, and C. A is aligned with B because of their alighed long sides, and B is aligned with C because of their aligned short sides, but A is not thus aligned with C because neither their long nor short sides are not aligned with each other. |
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Aren't they aligned with respect to spatial orientation? The definition is (from PATO; I couldn't find the RO definition): An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a proper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
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| (d) Although **"phenotype of"** is listed as functional, but it should not be so. When we say an object property between a subject and an object is functional, we mean that a subject is related to only one object via that property. However, it seems that a particular skin color can be a phenotype of more than one human beings, so "phenotype of" is not functional. | ||
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| (e) Although **"has characteristic"** is listed as inverse functional, but it should not be so. When we say an object property between a subject and an object is inverse functional, we mean that an object is related to only one subject via that property. Indeed, only an entity has_characteristic some trope property (e.g., this redness). However, it seems that multiple entities of the same type (e.g. apples) can all have_characteristic some universal (e.g. redness). So "has characteristic" should not be inverse functional if it applies to universals. |
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What about if it applies to instances of universals, though?
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| **s** : Sally | ||
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| So the sentence (a) is symbolized as: **∃t∃x(Has(s,x,t) ∧ Arm(x) ∧ T(t)) ∧ ∃t∀x(W(t) ∧ (Arm (x) → ~Has(s,x,t)))** |
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Watch out for the drinker's paradox when using existential quantifiers and material conditionals: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinker_paradox
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| (c) SARS-CoV-2, as a disease, is_a Disposition. | ||
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| (d) Mexico City is_a Site. |
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Or government body (aggregate) or territory (geographic region)
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| (d) Mexico City is_a Site. | ||
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| (e) The trunk of a minivan is_a Fiat Object Part. |
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| (g) Ocean is_a Site. | ||
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| (h) Lake is_a Site. |
This is my project 3. Have fun! @johnbeve